The upper limit of the mangroves is occupied with white mangroves and buttonwoods. These areas receive only shallow flooding during high tide. More landwards are the black mangroves ( Avicennia). Red mangroves ( Rhizophora) are usually found closest to the edge of the water, where the greatest degree of tidal flooding occurs. Each of the zones is dominated by a different mangrove species and associated fauna and flora. Mangroves are frequently associated with saline lagoons and are regularly found on protected sides of islands, atolls and tropical estuaries (Karleskint, 1998 ).ĭue to these requirements, a well-marked zonation is seen. Mangals therefore fulfill an important coastal protection function. Wave energy reduction can be greater than 50% on average and increases with increasing offshore wave heights (Horstman et al., 2014 ). While growing, mangal forests further reduce waves and increase sedimentation. They settle where there is little wave action and where muddy sediments accumulate. The dominant vegetation are several species of mangrove: woody trees and shrubs with a thick, partially exposed network of roots that grow down from the branches into the water and sediment.
They are salt-tolerant forested wetlands at the interface between the terrestrial landscape and the marine environment. They replace salt marshes in tropical and subtropical regions. The word mangrove is derived from the Portugese word mangue which means “tree” and the English word grove which is used for trees and shrubs that are found in shallow, sandy or muddy areas (Karleskint, 1998 ). Mangrove forests or mangals are a type of intertidal wetland ecosystems. North and South America, Africa and Middle-East, Asia and Oceania (incl. They are represented on all continents with tropical and subtropical coasts, i.e. They form unique intertidal forests at the edge of land and sea, see Fig. Mangroves are the only trees that are capable of thriving in salt water. 10.3 Cost-benefit of mangrove restoration.10.2 Principles of Ecological Mangrove Restoration (EMR).10 Mangrove restoration and rehabilitation.
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